Any piece of software that unconsciously relies on these defaults may not work properly when porting from one system to another, since system defaults vary from one system to another and thus not internationalized. Each system has default values, such as encoding and locale. The art of creating software independent of basic system defaults is called Internationalization. This is not only inefficient, but it is not protected from possible errors, because a single byte is enough to make the entire text unreadable. This means that in order to remove ambiguity, a reverse search will be conducted before reaching the beginning of the text or an unambiguous code sequence. The situation becomes more complicated if the leading and the closing byte match. However, the encoding attribute is optional. Those characters that can be represented in more than one way must be normalized in order for the operations associated with the string to work properly. This signature at the beginning of the data stream is called the initial byte mark of the byte. Therefore, the application must choose the coding algorithm wisely. There is no significant advantage of one over the other: it all depends on the architecture of the computer. Values having a single octet length have the most significant bit and the least significant bit whereas values greater than one octet length have the most significant byte and low byte. To find out which sequence is correct, the program must take into account the previous bytes. This means, for example, that when searching for the character D (code 44), it is possible to mistakenly find it included in the second part of a sequence of two bytes of the character "D" (code 84 44). However, the values of the single byte and the closing byte of the sequence may coincide. The length of the sequence depends on the first byte, so the values of the leading byte in a sequence of two bytes and a single byte do not overlap. For example, Windows-932 generates characters from one or two bytes of code. Principle of overlapĮach of the Unicode encoding forms is designed taking into account the inadmissibility of partial overlap. Each encoding can be uniquely converted to any of the other two without loss of data. Thus, they are fully compatible for solutions that, for various reasons, use different forms of coding. ![]() These encodings can be used to represent all Unicode characters. In the encoded pair, the first value is a high surrogate, and the second is a low surrogate. Surrogate pairs are usually called surrogates and are pairs of two Unicode codes from the base multilingual plane to represent characters from an additional plane. For example, in Japan, very often for people there are names that can not always be written using existing characters, and also need new characters to write them.īut, since the Unicode character set grew, it had to be changed using the surrogate pair mechanism to accommodate characters from additional aircraft. But to display these characters you need to create new file font or update an existing font file to assign a visual representation of these characters to the corresponding character codes. You can define your own characters and assign them to codes in the area of private use. Each of the three forms of encoding is an equal means of representing Unicode characters, has advantages in various fields of application. The name UTF stands for Unicode conversion format. Accordingly, they are called UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32. The standard presents three different forms of encoding Unicode characters: 8, 16, and 32-bit blocks. Each form of Unicode encoding determines which sequence of memory cells represents an integer corresponding to a particular character. In computer systems, integers are stored in memory cells of 8 bits (1 byte), 16 or 32 bits. The idea of having such a division in the so-called planes is that each plane has a special meaning and contains special symbols. These planes are nothing more than a category for grouping a range of code points. In Unicode, there are 17 planes, and the main plane is called the base multilanguage plane, and the remaining 16 are called additional planes. On the media, everything is just bits and bytes. ![]() To join such independent characters, we can do the following. What if such a combinative label is between two independent characters, where it has similarities, to merge with any of two neighboring independent characters? For example, to resolve a situation like.
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